dont know why i know this because im not a huge metal fan..but:
thrash- took off in mid to late 80s, relies on fast riffing and course vocals. bands like metallica and megadeth said to be pioneers.
death- started in late 80s. melodic, slightly heavier sound. slayer seen as pioneers.
black- started through venoms 1982 release "black metal". one of the more prolific genres of metal. deeply satanic stances, wailing vocals, raw, edgy instrumentals are the ingrediants
doom- started entirely by black sabbaths first 3 albums- slow, evil riffs, a heavy grrove and dark, bleak lyrics.
grindcore- death metal played at hyperspeed. carcass are grindcore i think.
there must be more genres. but their the ones i know.
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